Aquatic solutions: water/ice structure, water's solvent power, quantifying the composition of solutions. Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibrium, the solubility product, ionic strength, activity coefficient, Debye-Hückel equation. Chemical composition of continental waters: chemistry of elements with reference to Ca, Mg and Na, ionic potential, weathering patterns. Basic chemistry of estuaries; chemical and lithological composition of sedimentary rocks regarding Goldich's weathering series; compositional variability of sandstones, shales and carbonate rocks. Chemical weathering: hydrolysis, equilibrium solubilities in the system SiO2-H2O, activities of different forms of dissociated silica, behaviour of alluminium and iron during the weathering of silicates, gibbsite solubility. Calcium carbonate solubility: the solubility products of calcite and aragonite, carbonate compensation depth, equilibrium solubilities in the system CO2-H2O, Bjerrum's diagram, solubility of the carbonate minerals in a complex system (river, lake, sea), buffering system, mischungkorrosion, biomineralization. Weathering agents: carbon diokside, erosion of an average limestone terrain, contribution of plant roots and microbiological degradation of organic matter to the weathering processes. Organic acids: their role in solution processes, significance of chelates for the metal mobility, colloids, floculation. Oxidation-reduction processes: Nernst equation, reduction potential, iron and manganese behaviour regarding electrochemistry, basic concepts of thermodynamics and electrochemistry, different approach of chemists and geochemists in expressing half reactions. Eh-pH diagrams: stability limits of water, stability fields of iron oxides; Eh-pH systems containing carbon diokside: stability of siderite regarding hematite, magnetite and dissolved iron. Diagenesis: definition of processes, kinetic factors, diffusion, Fick's laws, advection, Peclet's number, Darcy's law, kinetics of chemical reactions on the molecular level, general equation of diagenesis. Cementation: growth of oxidized surface layer, distribution of manganese in pelagic sediments, fossilization and growth of concretions. Fate of organic matter during diagenesis: geopolimers, reactions of 'darkening', vitrinite reflection, time temperature index, Van Krevelen's diagram, sulfate reduction, fermentation. Distribution of sedimentary rocks in time and space: assessment of the quantity of sedimentary rocks, distribution of evaporites, Mg/Ca ratio in carbonate rocks, 'dolomite problem', sea-level curve in response to the calcite/dolomite ratio.
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