Introduction to the Earth (shape and size, mass and density, the Moon, the Earth's axis, the Earth's orbit, temperatures on Earth, atmosphere, origin of Earth, origin of water on Earth, Earth's interior - formerly and today). Coordinates on the Earth's surface (sphere coordinates, axis and major circle, latitude and longitude, Earth as spheroid, geoid and geoid undulations, altitude and depths). Gravity (Newton's law of gravitation and force of gravity, centripetal and centrifugal forces, gravitation, Clairaut's theorem, measurements of gravity accelerations, reduction of measured values of gravity accelerations - correction for altitude, Bouguer's correction, topographical correction, normal values of gravity accelerations, gravity field of the Earth, anomalies of gravity field, tides). Isostasy (concept of isostasy, Pratt's and Airy's theory of isostasy). Seismicity and the sources of earthquakes (concept of seismicity, spatial distribution and statistics of earthquakes, causes of earthquakes, sources and types of earthquakes, earthquake mechanism and Reid's elastic rebound theory, macroseismic method of earthquake investigation - earthquake intensity, macroseismic scales, isoseismal maps, microseismic method of earthquake investigation - earthquake magnitude, microseisms, tsunami). Seismic waves and Earth's internal structure (constants of elasticity, oscillation and waves, wave equation, reflection, refraction, concept of seismograph, earthquake waves - body and surface, hodochrones and microseismical method of epicenter determination, earthquake magnitude, investigations of Earth's interior, Moho discontinuity). Earth's magnetism (general terms, the Earth's magnetic field, geomagnetic elements, magnetosphere and main field, magnetic poles, polar light). Earth's internal heat (heat as energy transfer, heat flow, heat conduction, heat convection - adiabatic temperature gradient, measurement of the Earth's surface heat flow).
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